India’s social fabric has dramatically transformed in recent decades, particularly regarding marriage. The traditional joint family system has given way to nuclear families, and the concept of marriage has seen significant shifts. Technological advancements, economic changes, evolving educational patterns, and changing lifestyles have played critical roles in this transformation. While some of these changes are seen as progress, others raise concerns about their long-term impact on society.
Impact of Western Culture on Indian Relationships
A recent study conducted by Megha and others in 2025 examines the effects of globalisation on family relationships and marriage in India. The findings indicate significant shifts in family structures, values, and practices. Through a multigenerational perspective, the study unveils a complex interplay of acceptance, resistance, and adaptation to these changes. Participants in the study had varied viewpoints, as expected. The older generation, while nostalgic, was more accepting; the middle generation exhibited resistance and concern; whereas the younger generation largely embraced these transformations.
The study suggests a move towards more egalitarian and nuclear family models in India, influenced by global trends. Traditional values such as filial piety and the joint family system are evolving, and new norms emphasising individual autonomy and gender equality are emerging. Understanding these generational differences is crucial for formulating family policies, conducting cross-cultural research, and when designing apps like Rematch meant for long-term relationships.
Shifting Norms in Endogamy and Exogamy
Endogamy, the practice of marrying within a specific group, and exogamy, the practice of marrying outside one’s social group, have evolved significantly due to legal reforms, social movements, and changing cultural attitudes.
Traditionally, caste and ethnicity played a defining role in marriage choices, particularly within Hindu society. However, legislative measures like the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 have made caste-based restrictions on marriage illegal. Social movements have further encouraged inter-caste marriages. Urbanisation and higher education have also contributed to a growing preference for personal compatibility over caste considerations.
“Marrying outside one’s social group, particularly outside one’s gotra (clan), was traditionally restricted in India. Over time, these rules have relaxed, especially in urban areas. Inter-caste marriages have become more common, supported by laws such as the Special Marriage Act of 1954, which allows civil marriages regardless of caste or religion.” – Kamal, relationship expert, Hyderabad
Changing Family Structures in India
More individuals now have the freedom to choose their life partners, prioritising personal compatibility over traditional expectations. Wedding ceremonies are becoming less extravagant, with many couples opting for simpler, more inclusive celebrations. Additionally, changing attitudes have led to higher divorce rates, signalling a shift towards relationships based on mutual respect and personal fulfilment rather than societal obligations.
Emerging Relationship Patterns: Homosexuality, DINK, and Live-in Arrangements
Beyond traditional marriages, new relationship dynamics are gaining recognition in India, reflecting a more inclusive and progressive society.
The Supreme Court’s historic 2018 decision to decriminalise same-sex relationships was a turning point for the LGBTQ+ community in India. While legal rights have improved, societal acceptance remains mixed. A 2023 survey found that 53% of Indians supported the legalisation of same-sex marriage, although conservative attitudes persist.
More urban couples are choosing to remain child-free, focusing on their careers, financial stability, and personal fulfilment. Once considered taboo, live-in relationships have gained legal recognition. The Supreme Court has upheld the right of consenting adults to live together, and such relationships are now protected under the Domestic Violence Act. Despite this, social stigma remains a challenge, especially in conservative regions.
“A child would have changed our lifestyle a great deal. Later, when we felt the need for something more in our life, we adopted a dog.” – Anupama, technical writer, Bengaluru
Relationship Expectations of Young Indians
A study by Khatri et al. explores the shifting dynamics of romantic relationships among Millennials and Generation Z in Jaipur, India. The research highlights how technological advancements, evolving career priorities, and changes in social behaviours have influenced these generations to move beyond traditional relationship norms.
Both generations have been significantly impacted by technological advancements. The proliferation of social media and dating apps has transformed traditional interpersonal interactions, leading to more fluid and technologically mediated relationships. Economic factors and shifting career priorities have also influenced relationship dynamics, resulting in delayed marriages and a re-evaluation of traditional relationship timelines.
The study found that Generation Z individuals are more open to non-traditional relationships, such as open relationships, compared to Millennials. This indicates a generational shift towards more flexible and personalised approaches to romantic partnerships. The findings suggest a significant evolution in relationship preferences among younger generations in India. As societal norms continue to evolve, understanding these shifts is crucial for comprehending the future landscape of interpersonal relationships.
“Many of our generation have a girlfriend and a ‘bestie’. The bestie is a best friend who is given exclusive sexual favours. That is, unlike a friends-with-benefit situation, this is more exclusive.” – Akhil, performance marketer, Chennai.
Conclusion
A study by Khatri et al. provides valuable insights into how Millennials and Generation Z are redefining romantic relationships in contemporary India. By embracing technological advancements and adapting to changing socio-economic conditions, these generations are moving beyond traditional norms, paving the way for more individualised and diverse relationship structures.
The institution of marriage in India is undergoing a profound transformation, shaped by legal changes, economic shifts, and evolving cultural norms. As society continues to modernise, these trends will likely redefine relationships, offering individuals greater autonomy and a broader spectrum of choices in their personal lives. While challenges remain, these changes mark a significant step towards a more progressive and inclusive India.
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References
Khatri, Geetika, Alia Khalid, Pulkit Sharma, Smriti, and Komal Sharma. “Beyond Tradition: A Study of Relationship Evolution in Millennials and Gen Z.” South Eastern European Journal of Public Health 24, Supplement 4 (2024): 1239.
Megha, Damodaran, Martin Thomas, Barani Kanth, Prakash Navaneetham, and Mappilar Kunnummal Dilsha. “Indian Family Relationships, Marriage, and Career Choices in the Context of Globalization: A Multigenerational Evaluation.” International Journal of Population Studies 11, no. 2 (2024): 75–94.
Naik, Saraswathi H., and Ashwini S. “A Study On Changing Trends In The Hindu Marriage With Special Reference To Bengaluru City.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 12, no. 1 (January 2025).
